• Definitions of acids and bases.
• Properties of acids and bases.
• Acids, bases, and salts as electrolytes.
• Classification of acids and bases.
• Concept of pH.

2. Introduction To Chemistry

• Measurement of physical quantities.
• Scientific measurements and their importance in chemistry.
• Scientific methods, including observation, hypothesis, experimentation, formulation of laws and theories.

3. Chemical Bonds

• Interatomic bonding.
• Formation of ionic bonds and compounds.
• Properties of ionic compounds.
• Naming of ionic compounds.
• Formation of covalent bonds and compounds.
• Properties of covalent compounds.
• Coordinate (dative) covalent bonding.
• Metallic bonding and properties of metals.

4. Structure Of The Atom

• Gross features of the atom.
• Atomic number, number of neutrons, isotopes, atomic mass, mass number.
• Dalton’s atomic theory, J.J. Thompson’s experiment, Bohr’s model of the atom.
• Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment.
• Relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative molecular mass (Mr) based on Carbon-12 scale.
• Characteristics and nature of matter.
• Particulate nature of matter: physical and chemical changes.
• Electron configuration, orbitals, rules and principles for filling electrons.

5. Periodic Chemistry

• Periodicity of the elements.
• Different categories of elements in the periodic table.
• Periodic law and trends on the periodic table.
• Periodic gradation of elements in the third period.
• Explanation of the periodic law and periodic properties.

6. Chemistry, Industry, And The Environment

• Chemical industry, pollution, biotechnology.
• Basic Biochemistry and Synthetic Polymers:
• Proteins, amino acids, fats/oils, carbohydrates.
• Synthetic polymers, properties, and uses.

7. Redox Reactions

• Oxidation and reduction processes.
• Oxidizing and reducing agents.
• Redox equations, half-reactions, and overall reactions.
• Electrochemical cells, standard electrode potential.

8. Stoichiometry And Chemical Reactions

• Symbols, formulae, and equations.
• Laws of chemical combination.
• Amount of substance and mole ratios.
• Solutions, concentration terms, standard solutions.
• Preparation of solutions by dilution.

9. Standard Separation Techniques For Mixtures

• Classification of mixtures.
• Separation techniques: crystallization, distillation, precipitation, chromatography, etc.
• Criteria for purity.

10. Energy And Energy Changes

• Energy and enthalpy.
• Energy changes and their effects.

11. Solubility Of Substances

• General principles of solubility.
• Saturated and unsaturated solutions.
• Solubility curves, solubility expressions.
• Effect of temperature on solubility.
• Crystallization and recrystallization.

12. Chemical Kinetics And Equilibrium System

• Rate of reactions and factors affecting rates.
• Theories of reaction rates.
• Equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle.

WAEC Chemistry Syllabus 2024

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